Energy mass balanceCostingDegradationHydrogen
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power and CHP unit
Stationary SOFC on natural gas, biogas or hydrogen: average electrical and CHP efficiency, HHV gas use, stack life and costed stack replacements, CAPEX, O&M and LCOE in EUR/MWh net of a heat credit, on the SRIA 2024 KPIs and the IEAGHG euro basis.
- CurrencyEUR 2020
- Battery limitinstalled
- 110 documented assumptions
- Updated27 Oct 2026
Mass and energy balance
What the asset draws and delivers for the case and load you choose.
Reference case
Full-load hours per year (capacity factor x 8,760 h); each step is 0.5 point of capacity factor. Default 8,059.2 h = 92 %, a baseload assumption, not a printed SOFC value: below the SRIA KPI-4 availability of 98-99 %, between SRIA's 8,000 h/yr (91.3 %) and Lazard's 95 % for fuel cells. SOFCs run as baseload (they are kept hot), so the slider runs from 85 % (7,446 h) to 98 % (8,584.8 h). Moves the capital share of the LCOE and the number of stack replacements.
Flows
- In: Natural gas—
- In: Biogas—
- In: Hydrogen—
Asset
Solid oxide fuel cell power and CHP unit
- Out: Electricity—
- Out: Recovered heat—
Annual quantities at the current usage. Band width: share of energy in; non-energy flows are not to scale.
Vendor nameplate, net AC. Default 325 kW = Bloom Energy Server 6.5. Plants are built from modules of at most 500 kWe (SRIA); specific CAPEX is the same at every size, because adding identical modules in parallel (numbering-up) gives no economy of scale in the cited sources. The slider starts at 300 kW, the S&L block size: below one block the numbering-up argument says nothing. 10,000 kW = the S&L/EIA 10 MW plant.
- Average thermal output
- — kW
- Number of parallel modules
- — count
- Module rating
- — kW
- Annual electricity
- — MWh/year
CAPEX
Specific cost at this size, what backs it, and how it behaves with scale.
Specific CAPEX at this size
—
Reference size 500 kW
Declared numbering-up law, sourced.
Model value = the SRIA KPI 1 CAPEX of the selected case. Customized = your own quote, used as entered at every size; it is then no longer a sourced figure.
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- Ex-factory
- Installed· this figure
- Fully financed
Included
- Equipment
- Installation, civil works and engineering
Not included
- Working capital
- Contingency
Added at project level
- Working capital layer, from the project settings
- Contingency, from the project settings
Lifetime and replacements
Energy per unit rises as the component wears and resets at each replacement.
Power loss at which a stack is replaced. SRIA defines end of life at 20 % (default); DOE at 10 %. Drives stack life, the lifetime-average efficiency (linear decline) and the replacement count: at 10 % the stacks are replaced twice as often and every extra replacement is costed.
Multiplies the SRIA KPI-6 degradation rate of the selected case (0.6 / 0.4 / 0.2 %/1,000 h), from x0.8 to x1.2, to test the stack-life assumption. 1 = the printed KPI. Sets stack life and the number of replacements; each replacement is costed at the case's stack cost and discounted to its year.
Project figures
Values passed to project mode when this asset is added to a project.
Solid oxide fuel cell power and CHP unitConcept sketch, not to scale · drag to rotate
- Natural gas in
- —
- Biogas in
- —
- Hydrogen in
- —
- Electricity outMain product
- —
- Recovered heat out
- —
- CAPEX to the battery limit
- —
- Fixed O&M
- 0 EUR/year
- Variable O&M, excluding feedstocks
- —
- Asset lifetime
- 20 years
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Levelised cost of electricity (net of heat credit)
A standalone indicator for a quick read. Project mode recomputes it for the whole system.
—
- Capital component—
- O&M component (excl. stacks)—
- Stack replacement component—
- Fuel component—
- Heat credit component (signed)—
Linked to the balance above
Full-load hours per year (capacity factor x 8,760 h); each step is 0.5 point of capacity factor. Default 8,059.2 h = 92 %, a baseload assumption, not a printed SOFC value: below the SRIA KPI-4 availability of 98-99 %, between SRIA's 8,000 h/yr (91.3 %) and Lazard's 95 % for fuel cells. SOFCs run as baseload (they are kept hot), so the slider runs from 85 % (7,446 h) to 98 % (8,584.8 h). Moves the capital share of the LCOE and the number of stack replacements.
Natural gas is the default and the basis of every chart and bound. Biogas adds the DOE clean-up CAPEX differential and is priced with its own input. Hydrogen uses the SRIA KPI 3.2 efficiency of the selected case (47 / 52 / 57 % LHV at beginning of life) and gives an LCOE near 524 EUR/MWh in the 2024 case at the default hydrogen price: treat it as a separate scenario.
Useful heat recovered per unit of fuel LHV, lifetime average. Default 28.5 % = Bloom integrated heat capture (average over project life). Set 0 for a power-only unit. The heat applied is capped so that electrical plus thermal efficiency never exceeds the SRIA total efficiency of the case (85 % on methane; 85 / 90 / 95 % on hydrogen): in the 2030 case on natural gas the cap is 26.5 %.
Default 21.10 EUR/MWh = IEAGHG 2022-07 Netherlands 2020, applied on an HHV basis like the SMR/ATR calculators. Also prices the gas boiler displaced by the recovered heat, in every fuel mode.
Used only when the fuel is biogas. No sourced default exists: the default is set at parity with natural gas as a placeholder. Enter your delivered biogas or biomethane price.
Used only when the fuel is hydrogen. Default 6.61 EUR/kg = European Hydrogen Observatory 2023 average for electrolysis with a direct renewable connection (range 4.13-9.30).
Real rate as a fraction (0.08 = 8 %), IEAGHG 2022-07 standard. The slider is limited to 7-9 %, around that standard.
Plant life for the capital recovery factor. Default 20 years = S&L/EIA SOFC operating life; IEAGHG uses 25 years for reforming plants.
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Benchmarks
This model's figures against published references and reference cases.
Heat rate (HHV), Btu/kWh
5,811 Printed vendor value.
6,272 Printed value.
6,469 Printed estimate.
7,127 Printed vendor value.
Reference cases at this size and usage
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All results
Every model output at the current settings, grouped, with the sensitivity charts.
66 outputs · 6 groups · 24 also shown above, dimmed
LCOE
17- Levelised cost of electricity (power only)
- ComputingEUR/MWh
- Heat credit
- ComputingEUR/MWh
- Power-only LCOE in US dollars
- ComputingUSD/MWh
- Capital share of power-only LCOE
- Computing%
- Non-stack O&M derived from SRIA
- ComputingEUR/MWh
- Annual cost net of heat credit
- ComputingEUR/year
- Annual cost, power only
- ComputingEUR/year
- Fuel cost
- ComputingEUR/year
- O&M cost excluding stacks
- ComputingEUR/year
- Heat credit
- ComputingEUR/year
Efficiency, fuel and heat
17- Electrical efficiency at beginning of life (LHV)
- Computing%
- Average electrical efficiency (LHV)
- Computing%
- Average electrical efficiency (HHV)
- Computing%
- Recovered heat efficiency applied (LHV)
- Computing%
- Total CHP efficiency (LHV)
- Computing%
- Fuel energy per MWh (LHV)
- ComputingMWh/MWh
- Gas per MWh (HHV)
- ComputingMWh/MWh
- Heat-to-power ratio
- Computingratio
- Hydrogen per MWh
- Computingkg/MWh
- Annual fuel input (LHV)
- ComputingMWh/year
- Annual gas consumption (HHV)
- ComputingMWh/year
- Annual recovered heat
- ComputingMWh/year
Stacks and degradation
14- Stack degradation rate applied
- Computing%/1000h
- Electrical efficiency at stack end of life (LHV)
- Computing%
- Stack life in years
- Computingyear
- Stack lives used by replacements
- Computingcount
- Residual value of the last stack
- ComputingEUR
- Present value of stack replacements
- ComputingEUR
- Annualised stack replacements
- ComputingEUR/year
- Stack replacement provision per MWh
- ComputingEUR/MWh
- Stack replacements as share of O&M incl. stacks
- Computing%
CAPEX
9- Specific CAPEX of the case (model value)
- ComputingEUR/kW
- Balance-of-plant CAPEX
- ComputingEUR
- Biogas clean-up CAPEX
- ComputingEUR
- Biogas CAPEX adder
- ComputingEUR/kW
- Capital recovery factor
- Computing1/year
- Annualised CAPEX
- ComputingEUR/year
Context
5- Capacity factor
- Computing%
- Operating hours
- Computingh/year
- Heat rate vs S&L SOFC
- Computingratio
- Gap to Bloom mid-life efficiency
- Computing%
- S&L O&M at your operating hours
- ComputingEUR/MWh
Other
4Sensitivities
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Sources
110 documented assumptions · 12 sources
- clean-hydrogen.europa.euClean Hydrogen JU SRIA KPIs - SOFC stationary fuel cellsCAPEX, O&M, efficiency, availability, degradation, stack cost (SoA 2020 / 2024 / 2030)
- epa.govUS EPA CHP Partnership, Catalog of CHP Technologies (2015), Section 6 Fuel cells - efficiency chain, HHV/LHV 0.9, SOFC O&M, service contracts excluding the stack sinking fund, stack replacement
- epa.govUS EPA Catalog of CHP Technologies, Section 1 - fuel cell installed and O&M cost ranges, 80 % separate-heat boiler
- eia.govSargent & Lundy for EIA (Feb 2020), Capital cost and performance estimates - Case 10, 10 MW SOFCCAPEX, O&M, heat rate, life
- energy.govUS DOE Technical Targets, 100 kW-3 MW stationary CHP fuel cells - lifetime, efficiency, installed cost, biogas adder
- bloomenergy.comBloom Energy Server 6.5 data sheet (Feb 2026) - 325 kW, efficiency 65-53 % LHV, heat rate 5,811-7,127 Btu/kWh
- bloomenergy.comBloom SOFC with integrated heat capture data sheet (2025) - 28.5 % thermal, 82.5 % total
- ieaghg.orgIEAGHG Technical Report 2022-07 - LCOE/LCOH method, 8 % discount rate, NL 2020 gas price, 1.142 USD/EUR
- observatory.clean-hydrogen.europa.euEuropean Hydrogen Observatory (Nov 2024) - 2023 renewable electrolysis hydrogen cost, 6.61 EUR/kg average
- hydrogen.energy.govDOE Hydrogen Program Record 9013 - hydrogen LHV 33.3 kWh/kg
- eia.govEIA AEO2022 Cost and performance characteristics, Table 1 - 10 MW fuel cell overnight cost
- energy.nv.govLazard Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis v9.0 (Nov 2015) - fuel cell 106-167 USD/MWh, 95 % capacity factor
About
Calculator context
About
Calculator context
Screening techno-economics for a stationary solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) in the 51-500 kWe module class, fed with natural gas or biogas through internal reforming, or with pipeline hydrogen. Plants of 300 kW to 10 MW are counted as parallel modules of at most 500 kW. Power is rated in kW AC net, the vendor convention (Bloom Energy Server 6.5: 325 kW). Efficiencies are on an LHV basis, as SRIA, DOE and Bloom print them. Gas flows and prices are on an HHV basis in MWh, using EPA's 0.9 LHV/HHV ratio, so the gas inlet chains to the SMR and ATR calculators on the same IEAGHG 2022-07 economic basis: gas 21.10 EUR/MWh, 8 % real, 1.142 USD/EUR.
The technology is set by a reference case, one column of the single Clean Hydrogen JU SRIA SOFC table (51-500 kWe): state of the art 2020, target 2024 (default) or target 2030. Each case takes efficiency (KPI 3.1, or 3.2 on hydrogen), degradation (KPI 6), CAPEX (KPI 1), O&M (KPI 2) and stack cost (KPI 7) from its own column, so the three share one boundary: installed on a prepared site, excluding margins, at a 100 MW/yr production volume. The 2024 case is 60 % LHV at beginning of life, 0.4 %/1000 h, 5,000 EUR/kW, 50 EUR/MWh O&M including stack replacements and a 2,000 EUR/kW stack. That O&M KPI is split at its own reference point (10 years at 8,000 h, 20 % end of life): one stack replacement fits, i.e. 25 EUR/MWh, so the non-stack O&M is 25 EUR/MWh (derived; 0 in the 2020 case and 15 in the 2030 case by the same arithmetic). Stack life is the end-of-life loss divided by the degradation rate: 50,000 h, or 6.2 years at 92 % capacity factor, inside EPA's 5-10 year window (the 2020 case gives 33,333 h, 4.1 years, below it). The plant runs at constant net power, so degradation shows up as an efficiency loss; assuming it is linear between replacements (a declared modelling assumption), the lifetime-average efficiency is 60 x (1 - 20/200) = 54.0 % LHV, 2.058 MWh_HHV of gas per MWh, a heat rate of 7,021 Btu/kWh, inside Bloom's printed 5,811-7,127. With Bloom's 28.5 % recovered heat, total CHP efficiency is 82.5 % LHV; the heat applied is capped so that the total never exceeds the SRIA 85 %. Heat and stack losses not recovered are 848.8 MWh/year at nominal.
LCOE = (CRF x CAPEX + O&M excl. stacks + annualised stack replacements + fuel - heat credit) / electricity. The heat credit is the gas an 80 % HHV boiler would burn (EPA's separate-heat-and-power reference). Each stack replacement costs 0.40 x the specific CAPEX (the SRIA stack-to-system cost ratio, KPI 7 / KPI 1, the same in every column) and is discounted to the year it falls in; the last stack is credited at plant closure for the share of its life left unused. Specific CAPEX is the same at every size: the SRIA states that multi-MW SOFC plants are modules of max 500 kWe and S&L builds its 10 MW plant from 34 x 300 kW blocks (numbering-up, exponent 1). A Customized CAPEX replaces the case value with a quote on the same boundary, in EUR 2020. At nominal (2024 case, 325 kW, 8,059.2 h): capital 63.2 + O&M 25.0 + stacks 27.2 + gas 43.4 - heat credit 13.9 = 144.9 EUR/MWh net, or 158.8 EUR/MWh power only (181.4 USD/MWh, against Lazard v9's 106-167 USD/MWh for fuel cells in 2015). The 2020 case gives 253.9 and the 2030 case 71.5 EUR/MWh. Project mode receives the stacks as an undiscounted provision inside variable O&M (72,270 EUR/year at nominal), never as a line that depends on this calculator's discount rate.
Published discrepancies: S&L/EIA's 10 MW SOFC O&M is about 4 EUR/MWh, an order of magnitude below SRIA (50 with stacks, 25 without) and EPA (28-48 EUR/MWh), because vendors bill service separately; its 6,700 USD2019/kW CAPEX is an all-in EPC plus owner's cost, a wider boundary than the SRIA KPI, so it is not used as a CAPEX benchmark. On natural gas every corner of the input box stays within 50-550 EUR/MWh (54.9 in the 2030 case at the favourable corner, 509.7 in the 2020 case with the DOE 10 % end of life, degradation x1.2, gas at 45 EUR/MWh and no heat recovery). Biogas (DOE +2,500 USD/kW clean-up, user-set price) and hydrogen (SRIA KPI 3.2; about 524 EUR/MWh at 6.61 EUR/kg in the 2024 case) are separate scenarios that this bound does not cover.
Model
192 variables — inputs, calculations and outputs, with their dependencies.
Model
192 variables — inputs, calculations and outputs, with their dependencies.
| Variable | Value | Unit | Depends on |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | — | — | |
| 1 | — | — | |
| 325 | kW | — | |
| 8059.2 | h/year | — | |
| 20 | % | — | |
| 1 | ratio | — | |
| 28.5 | % | — | |
| 0 | — | — | |
| 5000 | EUR/kW | — | |
| 21.1 | EUR/MWh | — | |
| 21.1 | EUR/MWh | — | |
| 6.61 | EUR/kg | — | |
| 0.08 | ratio | — | |
| 20 | year | — |
| Variable | Formula | Unit | Depends on |
|---|---|---|---|
if(( < ) + ( > ) + ( != round()) + ( < ) + ( > ) + ( != round()) + ( <= ) + ( <= ) + ( > ) + ( <= ) + ( >= ) + ( <= ) + ( < ) + ( < ) + ( < ) + ( < ) + ( < ) + ( < ) + ( < ) > , , ) | — | ||
if( == , , ) | — | ||
if( == , , ) | — | ||
if( == , , ) | — | ||
if( == , , if( == , , )) | % | ||
if( == , , if( == , , )) | % | ||
if( == , if( == , , if( == , , )), ) | % | ||
if( == , , if( == , , )) | %/1000h | ||
if( == , , if( == , , )) | EUR/kW | ||
if( == , , if( == , , )) | EUR/kW | ||
if( == , , if( == , , )) | EUR/MWh | ||
* * | — | ||
max( - , ) | % | ||
- | ratio | ||
/ | ratio | ||
if( >= , , ) | EUR/kW | ||
/ ( + ) ^ | ratio | ||
/ ( + ) ^ | ratio | ||
if( < , , * ( - ^ ) / max( - , )) | count | ||
/ * | h | ||
max(ceil( * / ) - , ) | count | ||
* / ( * * ) | EUR/MWh | ||
* | EUR/year | ||
* | EUR/year | ||
* * | EUR/year |
| Variable | Formula | Unit | Depends on |
|---|---|---|---|
* | %/1000h | ||
| h/year | ||
/ * | % | ||
* * | MWh/year | ||
ceil( / ) | count | ||
/ max(, ) | kW | ||
if( == , , ) | % | ||
* ( - ) | % | ||
* ( - * ) | % | ||
( + ) * * | % | ||
/ max(, ) | MWh/MWh | ||
/ max(, ) | MWh/MWh | ||
/ max(, ) | MWh/MWh | ||
( + ) * / | MWh/MWh | ||
* | Btu/kWh | ||
/ | ratio | ||
* | MWh/year | ||
* | MWh/year | ||
* | MWh/year | ||
* * / | kg/MWh | ||
* / | t/year | ||
* | MWh/year | ||
min(, ) | % | ||
/ max(, ) | ratio | ||
* | MWh/year | ||
* | kW | ||
+ | % | ||
- - | MWh/year | ||
- ( + ) * | % | ||
/ max(, ) * | h | ||
/ max(, ) | year | ||
max(ceil( * / max(, )) - , ) | count | ||
max( * / max(, ) - , ) | count | ||
* / | EUR/kW | ||
* ( / ) ^ ( - ) | EUR/kW | ||
+ | EUR/kW | ||
* | EUR | ||
* * | EUR | ||
* | EUR | ||
- - | EUR | ||
if( < , / , ( * ( + ) ^ ) / max(( + ) ^ - , )) | 1/year | ||
* | EUR/year | ||
* | EUR | ||
* - * | EUR | ||
* | EUR/year | ||
- | EUR/MWh | ||
* | EUR/year | ||
* / max(, ) | EUR/year | ||
+ | EUR/year | ||
+ + | EUR/year | ||
* / ( * ) | EUR/year | ||
+ + + | EUR/year | ||
- | EUR/year | ||
/ max(, ) | EUR/MWh | ||
/ max(, ) | EUR/MWh | ||
/ max(, ) | EUR/MWh | ||
/ max(, ) | EUR/MWh | ||
/ max(, ) | EUR/MWh | ||
- | EUR/MWh | ||
/ max(, ) | EUR/MWh | ||
/ max(, ) | EUR/MWh | ||
* | USD/MWh | ||
/ max(, ) * | % | ||
/ max(, ) | EUR/MWh | ||
/ max( + , ) * | % | ||
( * / max(, ) + ) / | EUR/MWh |
Assumptions
110 assumptions used in the calculations
Assumptions
110 assumptions used in the calculations
Prevents a division by zero; never moves a practical result.
Market range Not applicable (numerical parameter).
0.000001Numerical stability constant.Used for complements (1 - loss), the r = 0 branch of the CRF and the replacement count offset.
Market range Exact.
1Arithmetic identity.Used by the input guard and to floor the replacement count at zero.
Market range Exact.
0Arithmetic identity.Percent inputs are carried 0-100 (OpenJack convention) and converted here, never relabelled.
Market range Exact.
0.01frac/%Unit conversion.Used by the input guard (no efficiency or capacity factor above 100 %) and to express ratios in percent.
Market range Exact.
100%Unit convention.Converts the capacity factor into operating hours.
Market range8760h/yearCalendar convention.Turns kW x h into MWh for the annual electricity.
Market range Exact.
0.001MWh/kWhUnit conversion.Used for the hydrogen mass per MWh and to put the Sargent & Lundy fixed O&M per kW-year on a per-MWh basis.
Market range Exact.
1000kWh/MWhUnit conversion.Converts hydrogen kg into tonnes for the hydrogen inlet.
Market range Exact.
1000kg/tUnit conversion.Converts the end-of-life loss divided by the degradation rate into hours.
Market range Exact.
1000h/khUnit convention of the KPI.Turns the HHV fuel ratio into a heat rate comparable with US data sheets.
Market range Exact to six significant figures.
3,412.14Btu/kWhUnit conversion.Halves the end-of-life loss to get the lifetime-average efficiency penalty, and averages Bloom's two printed efficiencies.
Market range No independent range cited.
0.5Mid-point of a linear profile.Natural gas, internally reformed (default).
Market range Not applicable.
1Numeric selector encoding.Biogas, internally reformed; adds the DOE biogas cost differential.
Market range Not applicable.
2Numeric selector encoding.Pipeline hydrogen; uses the SRIA KPI 3.2 hydrogen efficiency.
Market range Not applicable.
3Numeric selector encoding.Lowest legal fuel code.
Market range Not applicable.
1Numeric selector encoding.Highest legal fuel code.
Market range Not applicable.
3Numeric selector encoding.Converts the LHV electrical efficiency (SRIA, Bloom, DOE all print LHV) into the HHV basis on which gas is priced in the SMR/ATR calculators.
Market range0.9LHV/HHVPrinted conversion factor.Efficiency of the gas boiler whose fuel the recovered heat displaces: the heat credit is heat / 0.80 x gas price.
Market range No independent range cited.
80%Printed reference value.Converts the hydrogen-mode fuel energy (LHV) into kg of hydrogen.
Market range33.3kWh/kgPrinted physical property.Beginning-of-life efficiency on methane fuels in the state of the art 2020 case.
Market range SRIA path 55 (2020) / 60 (2024) / 65 (2030) % LHV.
55%Printed KPI.Beginning-of-life efficiency on methane fuels in the target 2030 case.
Market range SRIA path 55 / 60 / 65 % LHV.
65%Printed KPI target.Total efficiency of the three cases on methane fuels (85 in every column): caps the recovered heat applied, so electrical + thermal never exceeds it.
Market range85%Printed KPI.Beginning-of-life efficiency in hydrogen mode, state of the art 2020 case.
Market range SRIA path 47 / 52 / 57 % LHV on hydrogen.
47%Printed KPI.Beginning-of-life efficiency in hydrogen mode, target 2024 case (default).
Market range52%Printed KPI target.Upper end of Bloom's printed efficiency band, used for the mid-life cross-check.
Market range Bloom band 65-53 % LHV.
65%Printed vendor value.Lower end of Bloom's printed efficiency band, used for the mid-life cross-check.
Market range Bloom band 65-53 % LHV.
53%Printed vendor value.Reference for the heat-rate output (beginning of life).
Market range Bloom 5,811-7,127 Btu/kWh HHV.
5811Btu/kWhPrinted vendor value.Reference for the heat-rate output (end of life).
Market range Bloom 5,811-7,127 Btu/kWh HHV.
7127Btu/kWhPrinted vendor value.Reference for the total CHP efficiency output.
Market range No independent range cited.
82.5%Printed vendor value.Degradation rate of the state of the art 2020 case (stack life 33,333 h at 20 % end of life, 4.1 years at 92 %: below EPA's 5-10 year window, published as such).
Market range SRIA path 0.6 / 0.4 / 0.2 %/1,000 h.
0.6%/1000hPrinted KPI.Degradation rate of the target 2030 case.
Market range SRIA path 0.6 / 0.4 / 0.2 %/1,000 h.
0.2%/1000hPrinted KPI target.Minimum of the end-of-life power-loss slider.
Market range 10 % (DOE) to 20 % (SRIA).
10%Printed definition.Cross-check for the stack-life output.
Market range DOE 40,000-80,000 h (2015 status).
40000hPrinted status.Cross-check for the stack-life output.
Market range DOE 40,000-80,000 h (2015 status).
80000hPrinted status and target.Cross-check for the stack-life output in years.
Market range EPA 5-10 years.
5yearPrinted maintenance interval.Cross-check for the stack-life output in years.
Market range EPA 5-10 years.
10yearPrinted maintenance interval.Module size used to count parallel modules (n_modules, module rating).
Market range Vendors ship 200-500 kW blocks.
500kWUpper edge of the KPI size class (a scope definition, not a product limit).CAPEX of the target 2024 case (default), and denominator of its stack share (2,000 / 5,000 = 0.40).
Market range SRIA 10,000 (2020) / 5,000 (2024) / 2,000 (2030) EUR/kW.
5000EUR/kWPrinted KPI.CAPEX of the state of the art 2020 case; upper end of the Customized slider (same source, same boundary).
Market range SRIA path 10,000 / 5,000 / 2,000 EUR/kW.
10000EUR/kWPrinted KPI.CAPEX of the target 2030 case; lower end of the Customized slider (same source, same boundary).
Market range SRIA path 10,000 / 5,000 / 2,000 EUR/kW.
2000EUR/kWPrinted KPI target.Stack cost of the state of the art 2020 case: stack share 4,000 / 10,000 = 0.40, replacement cost and the derivation of the case's non-stack O&M.
Market range SRIA path 4,000 / 2,000 / <=800 EUR/kW.
4000EUR/kWPrinted KPI.Stack cost of the target 2024 case: stack share 2,000 / 5,000 = 0.40, replacement cost and the derivation of the case's non-stack O&M.
Market range SRIA path 4,000 / 2,000 / <=800 EUR/kW.
2000EUR/kWPrinted KPI target.All-in O&M of the state of the art 2020 case. At the SRIA reference point it is entirely stacks (2 replacements x 4,000 EUR/kW over 80,000 h = 100 EUR/MWh), so the non-stack O&M of the case is 0, written as derived and not completed with an EPA figure.
Market range SRIA path 100 / 50 / 15 EUR/MWh.
100EUR/MWhPrinted KPI.All-in O&M of the target 2030 case. No replacement falls within 10 years at 0.2 %/1,000 h, so the non-stack O&M of the case is 15 EUR/MWh.
Market range SRIA path 100 / 50 / 15 EUR/MWh.
15EUR/MWhPrinted KPI target.All-in O&M of the target 2024 case, from which the stack replacements of the SRIA reference point are subtracted to give the non-stack O&M (25 EUR/MWh).
Market range SRIA path 100 / 50 / 15 EUR/MWh.
50EUR/MWhPrinted KPI.Degradation rate of the target 2024 case (default); with the case degradation, also used at the SRIA reference point to split KPI 2 into stack and non-stack O&M.
Market range SRIA path 0.6 / 0.4 / 0.2 %/1,000 h.
0.4%/1000hPrinted KPI.End of life at the SRIA reference point used to split KPI 2.
Market range 10 % (DOE) to 20 % (SRIA).
20%Printed KPI.Window over which the SRIA O&M KPI is averaged.
Market range Exact (definition).
10yearPrinted KPI.Operating hours of the SRIA reference point used to split KPI 2.
Market range Exact (definition).
8000h/yearPrinted KPI.Reference for the non-stack O&M (published discrepancy); not used in a node.
Market range EPA 0.7-2.0 USDct/kWh.
0.007USD/kWhPrinted range.Reference only; not used in a node.
Market range EPA 0.7-2.0 USDct/kWh.
0.02USD/kWhPrinted range.Independent all-in CAPEX reference: converted at 1.142 USD/EUR it is 5,867 EUR/kW, compared with the user's CAPEX in an output ratio.
Market range 6,700 (2019 USD, S&L) to 7,224 (2021 USD, EIA AEO2022) USD/kW.
6700USD/kWAIFixed part of the S&L O&M reference recomputed per MWh at the user's load hours.
Market range 30.78 (S&L 2020) to 32.23 (EIA AEO2022) USD/kW-yr.
30.78USD/kW-yrAIVariable part of the S&L O&M reference.
Market range0.59USD/MWhAIDenominator of the heat-rate cross-check ratio.
Market range EPA SOFC 6,272; Bloom 5,811-7,127 Btu/kWh HHV.
6469Btu/kWhAIReference only; not used in a node.
Market range No independent range cited.
7224USD/kWAIReference only; not used in a node.
Market range EPA 5,000-6,500 USD/kWe.
5000USD/kWPrinted range.Reference only; not used in a node.
Market range EPA 5,000-6,500 USD/kWe.
6500USD/kWPrinted range.Reference only; not used in a node.
Market range EPA 0.032-0.038 USD/kWhe.
0.032USD/kWhPrinted range.Reference only; not used in a node.
Market range EPA 0.032-0.038 USD/kWhe.
0.038USD/kWhPrinted range.Reference only; not used in a node.
Market range No independent range cited.
55USD/MWhPrinted value.Reference only; not used in a node.
Market range No independent range cited.
54.4%Printed value.Reference only; not used in a node.
Market range No independent range cited.
6272Btu/kWhPrinted value.Reference only; not used in a node.
Market range DOE 2,400-5,500 USD/kW (natural gas).
2400USD/kWPrinted status range.Reference only; not used in a node.
Market range DOE 2,400-5,500 USD/kW (natural gas).
5500USD/kWPrinted status range.Lower edge of the plausible range for the average electrical efficiency (bound 40 %).
Market range DOE 42-47 % LHV.
42%Printed status.Reference only; not used in a node.
Market range DOE 42-47 % LHV.
47%Printed status.Reference for the total CHP efficiency output.
Market range DOE 70-90 % LHV.
70%Printed status.Reference for the total CHP efficiency output.
Market range DOE 70-90 % LHV.
90%Printed status.Added to the specific CAPEX (2,189 EUR/kW at 1.142) when the fuel is biogas.
Market range No independent range cited.
2500USD/kWPrinted planning assumption.Converts every US-dollar reference (S&L, DOE biogas adder, Lazard) into euros.
Market range 2020 annual average; no range used.
1.142USD/EURPrinted modelling parameter.Reference for the gross LCOE in dollars.
Market range Lazard v9 106-167 USD/MWh.
106USD/MWhPrinted range.Reference for the gross LCOE in dollars.
Market range Lazard v9 106-167 USD/MWh.
167USD/MWhPrinted range.Default rated power: one commercial server.
Market range Slider 300-10,000 kW (S&L 300 kW block to the S&L 10 MW plant).
325kWPrinted vendor rating.Default end-of-life criterion.
Market range 10 % (DOE) to 20 % (SRIA).
20%Printed definition.Default recovered heat; set 0 for power-only.
Market range28.5%Printed vendor value.Default gas price for fuel and heat credit.
Market range Slider 13-45 EUR/MWh.
21.1EUR/MWhPrinted price.Lets a biogas case be priced separately from the natural gas that the heat credit displaces.
Market range No independent range cited; slider 13-100 EUR/MWh.
21.1EUR/MWhPlaceholder at natural gas parity; to be set by the user.Default hydrogen price in hydrogen mode.
Market range EHO 4.13-9.30 EUR/kg.
6.61EUR/kgPrinted average.Real discount rate of the CRF.
Market range Slider 7-9 %, around the IEAGHG 8 % standard.
0.08ratioPrinted modelling parameter.Economic life for the CRF and the replacement count.
Market range20yearAISCOPE. Stationary SOFC module rated in kW AC net, fed with natural gas or biogas through internal reforming, or with pipeline hydrogen. Inside the battery limit: stacks, fuel processing, power electronics, enclosure and the heat-recovery exchanger. Outside: gas grid connection, the heat user and the gas boiler being displaced. The SRIA KPI-1 CAPEX prints three boundary statements: 'Capital cost are based on 100 MW/annum production volume for a single company', 'Cost are for installation on a prepared site (fundament/building and necessary connections are available)' and 'Capital costs doesn't include margins, distribution and marketing costs'. It is therefore an installed cost on a prepared site, not an all-in financed cost: the meta declares battery_limit 'installed' on isbl = installed CAPEX, and project mode adds working capital and contingency (about x1.17). A Customized quote must be on the same boundary.
Market range Not applicable (statement).
—SRIA KPI definitions.MODELLING ASSUMPTION. The plant runs at constant net power, so the power loss SRIA measures at constant current appears as a voltage, hence efficiency, loss that is linear between stack replacements. The lifetime-average efficiency is then BoL x (1 - EOL loss / 200). This mapping is not printed by any source; it is a declared assumption and the gap to Bloom is published in an output.
Market range Not applicable (statement).
—Declared modelling choice.MODELLING ASSUMPTION. O&M is split into non-stack O&M (derived per case from SRIA KPI 2) and stack replacements computed from the bundle's own replacement count: each replacement costs 0.40 x the specific CAPEX retained (case value or Customized quote, biogas adder excluded) x rated power (SRIA KPI 7 / KPI 1, 0.40 in every column) and falls at k x stack life in years. The last stack bought is credited at plant closure for the share of its life left unused (pro-rata residual value, at the same production cost), so the cost charged follows the stack life actually used, plant hours / stack life - 1, and does not jump when one more stack is bought. In the LCOE, replacements are discounted at the real rate, the residual credit is discounted from the final year, and the net is annualised with the CRF. Project mode receives the undiscounted provision (stack life used by the replacements x stack cost / plant life) inside variable O&M, so no line it receives depends on this calculator's discount rate. A stricter end of life or a faster degradation therefore raises the cost; a longer plant life or more operating hours does not raise the LCOE. The SRIA split behind the non-stack O&M default keeps the whole replacement, because KPI 2 is a cash average over the first 10 years, inside which that stack is bought.
Market range Not applicable (statement).
—Declared modelling choice; avoids double counting.Efficiencies are on an LHV basis; gas flows and prices are on an HHV basis in MWh. The conversion uses EPA's 0.9. The IEAGHG gas price does not state its basis and is applied as HHV, the convention of the SMR and ATR calculators: if it were LHV, the fuel term would be about 10 % too low.
Market range Not applicable (statement).
—Declared convention.The recovered heat is credited at the gas a separate boiler of 80 % HHV efficiency would burn to make it, at the natural gas price. The credit assumes every recovered MWh has a user; if the heat is partly dumped, lower the thermal efficiency input.
Market range Not applicable (statement).
—Avoided-cost method.Biogas and hydrogen are separate scenarios, chosen with the fuel selector and never swept by a chart. In hydrogen mode the beginning-of-life efficiency is SRIA KPI 3.2 of the selected case (47 / 52 / 57 % LHV) and the total-efficiency cap is 85 / 90 / 95 %. The biogas mode adds the DOE clean-up cost differential; it has no sourced fuel price.
Market range Not applicable (statement).
—Scope statement.Costs are constant euros with no escalation, discounted at a real rate. The SRIA KPI document (2022) does not print the money year of its EUR figures; the meta declares currency_year 2020, the SoA reference year of the table and the IEAGHG 2022-07 price basis. Other currency years are mixed (IEAGHG prices for 2020, S&L 2019 dollars used only for cross-checks), which is within the accuracy of a screening estimate. What project mode receives is undiscounted annual cash in reference-year euros.
Market range Not applicable (statement).
—Declared basis.Three gaps are left visible rather than reconciled. (1) O&M: S&L's fixed plus variable O&M is an order of magnitude below SRIA and EPA because build-own-operate vendors bill most service separately (S&L sec. 10.3); the output sl_om_reference_eur_per_mwh shows it at your operating hours. (2) Non-stack O&M: the 25 EUR/MWh derived from SRIA is above EPA's 6-17.5 EUR/MWh for service contracts excluding stacks. (3) CAPEX: the SRIA KPI is a high-volume target installed on a prepared site, excluding margins; S&L's 6,700 USD2019/kW is an all-in EPC plus owner's cost on a wider boundary, so the two are not compared as a benchmark. The state of the art 2020 case (10,000 EUR/kW) is twice the 2024 default.
Market range Not applicable (statement).
—Discrepancy statement.Project mode receives: natural gas, biogas and hydrogen inlets (each zero unless selected), electricity as the main outlet, recovered heat as a second outlet, and variable O&M = O&M excluding stacks + the undiscounted stack replacement provision (the SRIA KPI 2 convention). Fuel is paid through the inlets at project prices and the heat is valued at the project heat price, so neither the fuel cost nor the heat credit is exported as O&M.
Market range Not applicable (statement).
—Chaining statement.Default operating hours, 92 % x 8,760 h, declared as an assumption.
Market range SRIA KPI-4 availability 98-99 % (upper bound); Lazard v9 fuel cells 95 %. Slider 7,446-8,584.8 h (85-98 %); limited to baseload operation.
8,059.2h/yearModelling assumption bracketed by printed anchors.Reference case selector; default = target 2024.
Market range Three SRIA columns.
2Printed KPI table.State of the art 2020 column.
Market range Not applicable.
1Numeric selector encoding.Target 2024 column (default).
Market range Not applicable.
2Numeric selector encoding.Target 2030 column.
Market range Not applicable.
3Numeric selector encoding.Lowest valid case identifier.
Market range Not applicable.
1Numeric selector encoding.Highest valid case identifier.
Market range Not applicable.
3Numeric selector encoding.Beginning-of-life efficiency on methane fuels in the target 2024 case (default).
Market range SRIA path 55 / 60 / 65 % LHV.
60%Printed KPI target.Beginning-of-life efficiency in hydrogen mode, target 2030 case.
Market range SRIA path 47 / 52 / 57 % LHV on hydrogen.
57%Printed KPI target.Total efficiency cap on electrical + recovered heat in hydrogen mode, SoA 2020 case.
Market range SRIA 85 / 90 / 95 % LHV on hydrogen.
85%Printed KPI.Total efficiency cap on electrical + recovered heat in hydrogen mode, Target 2024 case.
Market range SRIA 85 / 90 / 95 % LHV on hydrogen.
90%Printed KPI.Total efficiency cap on electrical + recovered heat in hydrogen mode, Target 2030 case.
Market range SRIA 85 / 90 / 95 % LHV on hydrogen.
95%Printed KPI.Stack cost of the target 2030 case.
Market range SRIA path 4,000 / 2,000 / <=800 EUR/kW.
800EUR/kWPrinted KPI target (upper limit taken).Numbering-up: a multi-MW SOFC plant is identical modules added in parallel. The SRIA states 'Multi-MW scale fuels cells will consist of FC system modules of max 500 kWe', and S&L builds its 10 MW plant as 34 x 300 kW blocks. Adding identical modules gives no economy of scale on the module cost, so the exponent is 1 and specific CAPEX is the same at every size. The size slider starts at 300 kW: below one block this argument says nothing.
Market range Exponent 1 (modular); no SOFC-specific six-tenths rule cited.
1Declared numbering-up law, sourced.Reference size of the CAPEX anchor: the largest SRIA module (500 kWe). With exponent 1 the factor is x1 at every size, so the nominal 325 kW reproduces the KPI exactly.
Market range SRIA class 51-500 kWe.
500kWSRIA module definition.Multiplies the case degradation rate to test the stack-life assumption.
Market range x0.8-1.2.
1ratioDeclared sensitivity.Switch between the sourced case CAPEX and a user quote.
Market range Not applicable.
0Implementation.Customized specific CAPEX, used only when the CAPEX basis is Customized. Must be on the SRIA KPI 1 boundary and in EUR 2020. The DOE biogas adder is added on top; the non-stack O&M stays that of the case.
Market range SRIA 2,000-10,000 EUR/kW.
5000EUR/kWUser quote, bounded by the SRIA range.LIMITS. (1) Stack replacements are not declared as a component that project mode omits: project mode already receives them as the undiscounted provision inside variable O&M (costs.opex.variable_excluding_feedstocks), so the sheet would wrongly say they are missing. (2) O&M has no size effect: SRIA KPI 2 is in EUR/MWh for the whole 51-500 kWe class, so the non-stack O&M per MWh is the same at every size. (3) The heat applied is capped at the SRIA total efficiency of the case. (4) Bounds and charts are on natural gas; biogas and hydrogen are separate scenarios.
Market range Not applicable (statement).
—Declared limits.