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Industrial electric boiler (electrode or resistive) - levelised cost of steam

Electrode or resistance boiler for saturated steam or hot water: heat, steam tonnage and electricity per year, installed CAPEX with grid connection on DEA 2025 or SINTEF 2025, and the levelised cost of heat in EUR/MWh_th against a gas boiler fuel + CO2 benchmark.

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Open Jack

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  • CurrencyEUR 2025
  • Battery limitinstalled
  • 73 documented assumptions
  • Updated27 Oct 2026

Mass and energy balance

What the asset draws and delivers for the case and load you choose.

Reference case

capacity factor: 91.3 %

Equivalent hours per year at rated power. 8,000 h is baseload process steam. 500 h is DEA's flexible duty (peak load and system services at cheap-power hours). The maximum, 8,639 h, is what the DEA outages leave: (8,760 - 0.2 weeks x 168 h) x (1 - 1 % forced outage).

Flows

  • In: Electricity—
  • In: Boiler feedwater—

Asset

Industrial electric boiler (electrode or resistive)

  • Out: Heat (saturated steam or hot water)—

Annual quantities at the current usage.

Heat output of the boiler installation at full load, the DEA basis ('generating capacity, MW of heat'). Electric input is 1 % higher (99 % efficiency) plus 0.5 % auxiliaries. Resistance boilers cover the low end (DEA: up to 1-2 MW at low voltage), electrode boilers (10-15 kV) the rest, 0-60 MW per unit. The range 0.05-75 MW contains the catalogue products (Parat IEH compact 0.05-8 MW, ACME CEJW 2.5-68 MW, Parat IEH high voltage up to 75 MW). Costs are sourced between 1 and 40 MW (DEA) and up to 50 MW (SINTEF fit); outside 1-40 MW the CAPEX is an extrapolation of the scale law and the page flags it.

Electric input at rated power
— MW
Steam flow at rated power
— t/h
Heat delivered
— MWh/year
Number of boiler units
— units

CAPEX

Specific cost at this size, what backs it, and how it behaves with scale.

Specific CAPEX at this size

—

Reference size 20 MW

SINTEF 2025 Table 4

Model value: the reference case CAPEX scaled to the rated power. Customized: your own installed figure (vendor or EPC quote), used as is at every size and no longer sourced.

Specific CAPEX (installed) by rated thermal power

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  1. Ex-factory
  2. Installed· this figure
  3. Fully financed
CAPEX at the battery limit—
Working capital, contingencyproject level

Included

  • Equipment
  • Installation, civil works and engineering

Not included

  • Working capital
  • Contingency

Added at project level

  • Working capital layer, from the project settings
  • Contingency, from the project settings

Project figures

Values passed to project mode when this asset is added to a project.

Concept sketch, not to scale · drag to rotate

Electricity in
—
Boiler feedwater in
—
Heat (saturated steam or hot water) outMain product
—
CAPEX to the battery limit
—
Fixed O&M
—
Variable O&M, excluding feedstocks
—
Asset lifetime
20 years

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Levelised cost of heat

A standalone indicator for a quick read. Project mode recomputes it for the whole system.

—

  • LCOH - capital—
  • LCOH - fixed O&M—
  • LCOH - variable O&M—
  • LCOH - electricity—

Linked to the balance above

capacity factor: 91.3 %

Equivalent hours per year at rated power. 8,000 h is baseload process steam. 500 h is DEA's flexible duty (peak load and system services at cheap-power hours). The maximum, 8,639 h, is what the DEA outages leave: (8,760 - 0.2 weeks x 168 h) x (1 - 1 % forced outage).

Delivered price excluding VAT and recoverable taxes: energy, network and capacity charges, levies. Default 121.7 EUR/MWh is Eurostat's EU27 band IF (70-150 GWh/year) for 2025-S2. Range 60-184: from France band IG (61.4) to the EU band IC (183.7). Network and capacity charges are inside this price, so they are not a separate line. Spot prices below 60 EUR/MWh in flexible operation are outside this range: no source for a flexible-mode delivered price was found.

Saturated steam delivered. Sets the steam enthalpy (NIST: 2,706.2, 2,780.8 and 2,803.2 kJ/kg), hence the tonnes of steam per MWh. The heat cost per MWh does not depend on it. For hot water, read the heat results and ignore the steam tonnage.

Temperature of the water entering the boiler. 105 C is deaerated make-up and condensate return; 20 C is cold make-up without return. It must stay below the saturation temperature of the chosen pressure (120 C at 2 bar).

For the gas boiler benchmark only. Delivered price on a gross calorific value (PCS) basis, excluding VAT. Default 48.3 EUR/MWh is Eurostat's EU27 band I4 (100,000-999,999 GJ/year) for 2025-S2; France 44.8.

For the gas boiler benchmark only. Default 73.43 EUR/t is the 2025 average EU ETS allowance price (Instrat); IEA uses 80 EUR/t for Germany. Sites outside the EU ETS (under 20 MW thermal input) pay no allowance today: the benchmark then overstates the gas cost by its CO2 part.

Real rate for the capital annuity, as a fraction. Default 5 % is SINTEF's (2025). All costs are in constant 2025 EUR, so the rate is real.

Annuity period. Default 20 years is DEA's technical lifetime for 2025 (25 years from 2030); SINTEF uses 15.

Levelised cost of heat by full-load hours

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Benchmarks

This model's figures against published references and reference cases.

Specific CAPEX (installed), EUR/MW

70,000 DEA data sheet 41 large

154,570 DEA data sheet 41 small

Reference cases at this size and usage

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All results

Every model output at the current settings, grouped, with the sensitivity charts.

61 outputs · 5 groups · 15 also shown above, dimmed

Levelised cost of heat

11
Levelised cost of heat
ComputingEUR/MWh_th
LCOH - capital
ComputingEUR/MWh_th
LCOH - fixed O&M
ComputingEUR/MWh_th
LCOH - variable O&M
ComputingEUR/MWh_th
LCOH - electricity
ComputingEUR/MWh_th
Electricity share of LCOH
Computing%
Cost of steam
ComputingEUR/t
LCOH at 500 full-load hours
ComputingEUR/MWh_th
LCOH at the French IG band price
ComputingEUR/MWh_th
LCOH at the EU IC band price
ComputingEUR/MWh_th
LCOH at the IEA German electricity cost
ComputingEUR/MWh_th

Gas boiler benchmark

10
Gas boiler benchmark (fuel + CO2)
ComputingEUR/MWh_th
Gas benchmark - fuel
ComputingEUR/MWh_th
Gas benchmark - CO2
ComputingEUR/MWh_th
Gas benchmark at 93 % efficiency
ComputingEUR/MWh_th
Gas benchmark at 80 EUR/t CO2
ComputingEUR/MWh_th
Gap to the gas benchmark
ComputingEUR/MWh_th
Break-even electricity price
ComputingEUR/MWh
Gas price on NCV
ComputingEUR/MWh
Gas CO2 factor
Computingt/MWh
Direct CO2 avoided vs gas
Computingt/year

Capital and O&M

17
Specific CAPEX (installed)
ComputingEUR/MW
Reference-case CAPEX at 20 MW
ComputingEUR/MW
SINTEF fit at this size
ComputingEUR/MW
DEA size-class CAPEX
ComputingEUR/MW
Gap to the DEA size class
Computing%
Boiler equipment share of CAPEX
Computing%
Total installed CAPEX
ComputingEUR
Total installed CAPEX (MEUR)
ComputingMEUR
Boiler equipment CAPEX
ComputingEUR
Installation and grid connection CAPEX
ComputingEUR
Capital recovery factor
Computing1/year
Annualised CAPEX
ComputingEUR/year
Fixed O&M
ComputingEUR/year
Variable O&M per MWh
ComputingEUR/MWh_th
Variable O&M
ComputingEUR/year
Electricity cost
ComputingEUR/year
Total annual cost
ComputingEUR/year

Heat and electricity

15
Heat delivered
ComputingMWh/year
Electricity consumed
ComputingMWh/year
Auxiliary electricity
ComputingMWh/year
Losses
ComputingMWh/year
Boiler electricity per MWh of heat
ComputingMWh/MWh
Auxiliary load factor
Computingratio
Electricity per MWh of heat
ComputingMWh/MWh
Overall efficiency
Computing%
Electric input at rated power
ComputingMW
Load hours
Computingh/year
Maximum full-load hours
Computingh/year
Capacity factor
Computing%
Share of available hours
Computing%
Number of boiler units
Computingunits
Size outside cost sources
Computingbool

Steam

8
Steam yield
Computingt/MWh_th
Steam flow at rated power
Computingt/h
Steam produced
Computingt/year
Feedwater
Computingt/year
Steam enthalpy
ComputingkJ/kg
Saturation temperature
ComputingC
Feedwater enthalpy
ComputingkJ/kg
Enthalpy rise
ComputingkJ/kg

Sensitivities

5 charts
LCOH components vs full-load hours

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Electric LCOH vs electricity price, against the gas benchmark

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Specific CAPEX and LCOH vs rated power

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Gas benchmark vs CO2 price

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Steam yield vs feedwater temperature

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Sources

73 documented assumptions · 9 sources

About

Calculator context

A screening model of an industrial electric boiler, electrode (above a few MW, 10-15 kV) or resistance (below), producing saturated steam or hot water, built for a feasibility study that has to stand in front of a lender. It is the simplest way to electrify steam, and its cost is driven almost entirely by the electricity price and the grid connection. Performance comes from the Danish Energy Agency (DEA) Technology Data sheets 41: 99 % efficiency, 0.5 % auxiliary electricity, 1 % forced and 0.2 weeks a year planned outage, which caps a year at 8,639 full-load hours. Steam follows an enthalpy balance on NIST properties at 2, 11 or 30 bar abs from the chosen feedwater temperature. Two sourced reference cases set the costs: DEA's 2025 large-class electric boiler (70,000 EUR/MW installed at 20 MW: 40,000 equipment, 30,000 installation, electrical integration and grid connection fees; 1,137.8 EUR/MW/year fixed and 0.70-0.81 EUR/MWh variable O&M) and SINTEF's 2025 fit over five sources (152 EUR/kW x (P/1 MW)^-0.296, maintenance 2 % of investment). Both scale with SINTEF's 0.704 cost exponent; a customized installed figure is used as is. The CAPEX is installed, exported to project mode with battery_limit = installed.

At 20 MW, 8,000 h, 121.7 EUR/MWh (Eurostat EU band IF, 2025-S2), 5 % and 20 years, the DEA case gives 125.1 EUR/MWh_th: 123.5 electricity, 0.70 capital, 0.14 fixed and 0.70 variable O&M, or 81.3 EUR per tonne of 10 barg steam (1.539 t/MWh). A gas boiler burning gas at 48.3 EUR/MWh GCV with CO2 at 73.43 EUR/t costs 78.7 EUR/MWh_th in fuel and CO2 alone; the electric boiler matches it below an all-in electricity price of 76 EUR/MWh. In DEA's 500-hour flexible duty the same boiler costs 137.7 EUR/MWh_th at the same price.

Read it with its limits: constant prices and a real annuity, no hourly price profile, no thermal storage. Costs are sourced from 1 to 40 MW (DEA) and up to 50 MW (SINTEF); outside that range the CAPEX is an extrapolation and the page flags it. A dedicated HV substation or grid reinforcement is in no source used here and is not included. The gas benchmark leaves out the gas boiler's capital. DEA and SINTEF differ by 10 % at 20 MW, and DEA's small class (154,570 EUR/MW, with a transformer station) sits well above the scale law at 5 MW: both are shown.

Model

135 variables — inputs, calculations and outputs, with their dependencies.

135 variables shown of 135
VariableValueUnitDepends on
20MW—
8000h/year—
1——
0——
70000EUR/MW—
121.7EUR/MWh—
2——
105C—
48.3EUR/MWh—
73.43EUR/t—
0.05ratio—
20years—
VariableFormulaUnitDepends on
if((<=)+(<=)+(>(-*)*(-*))+(!=)*(!=)+(<)+(>)+(>=)*(<=)+(<)+(!=)*(!=)*(!=)+(<=)+(==)*(>=)+(==)*(>=)+(==)*(>=)+(<)+(<)+(<)+(>=)+(<)>,,)bool
VariableFormulaUnitDepends on
(-*)*(-*)h/year
clamp(,,)h/year
/*%
/max(,)*%
*MWh/year
ceil(/)units
if((<)+(>)>,,)bool
/max(*,)MWh/MWh
+***ratio
*MWh/MWh
/max(,)%
*MW
*MWh/year
**MWh/year
-MWh/year
if(==,,if(==,,))kJ/kg
if(==,,if(==,,))C
+*(-)kJ/kg
-kJ/kg
*/max(*,)t/MWh_th
*t/h
*t/year
t/year
if(==,**(/)^,)EUR/MW
if(>=,,clamp(*(/)^(-),,))EUR/MW
**(/)^EUR/MW
if(<=,,)EUR/MW
(/max(,)-)*%
if(<=,/max(+,),/max(+,))*%
*EUR
**EUR
-EUR
/MEUR
if(<,/max(,),(*(+)^)/max((+)^-,))1/year
*EUR/year
if(==,**,*)EUR/year
if(==,,if(<=,,))EUR/MWh_th
*EUR/year
*EUR/year
+++EUR/year
/max(,)EUR/MWh_th
/max(,)EUR/MWh_th
/max(,)EUR/MWh_th
/max(,)EUR/MWh_th
/max(,)EUR/MWh_th
/max(,)*%
/max(,)EUR/t
(+)/max(*,)++*EUR/MWh_th
-+*EUR/MWh_th
-+*EUR/MWh_th
-+*EUR/MWh_th
/max(,)EUR/MWh
*/t/MWh
/max(*,)EUR/MWh_th
*/max(*,)EUR/MWh_th
+EUR/MWh_th
(+*)/max(*,)EUR/MWh_th
+*/max(*,)EUR/MWh_th
-EUR/MWh_th
(---)/max(,)EUR/MWh
/max(*,)*t/year

Assumptions

73 assumptions used in the calculations

  • Protects divisions against a zero denominator.

    Market range Not applicable (numerical guard).

    0.000001
    Numerical constant

  • Used in guards and flags, so no number is written inline.

    Market range Not applicable (literal zero).

    0
    Numerical constant

  • Used in the CRF, ratios and flags.

    Market range Not applicable (literal one).

    1
    Numerical constant

  • Converts fractions to percent.

    Market range Exact by definition.

    100%
    Unit convention

  • Converts percent inputs and constants to fractions.

    Market range Exact by definition.

    0.011/%
    Unit convention

  • Upper limit of operating hours and basis of the capacity factor.

    Market range Exact by definition.

    8760h/year
    Unit convention

  • Converts the DEA planned outage, given in weeks per year, into hours.

    Market range Exact by definition.

    168h/week
    Unit convention

  • Energy unit conversion in the steam yield.

    Market range Exact by definition.

    1000kWh/MWh
    Unit convention

  • Converts heat in kWh into kJ to divide by the steam enthalpy rise in kJ/kg.

    Market range Exact by definition.

    3600kJ/kWh
    Unit convention

  • Mass conversion.

    Market range Exact by definition.

    1000kg/t
    Unit convention

  • Converts the SINTEF cost coefficient, given per kW, into EUR/MW.

    Market range Exact by definition.

    1000kW/MW
    Unit convention

  • Displays the CAPEX in million EUR.

    Market range Exact by definition.

    1000000EUR/MEUR
    Unit convention

  • Converts the IPCC emission factor (kg/TJ) into t/MWh with kg_per_t.

    Market range Exact by definition.

    0.0036TJ/MWh
    Unit convention

  • Reference case 1: Danish Energy Agency Technology Data, electric boilers (chapter 41), 2025 cost data.

    Market range Not applicable (selector).

    1
    Selector code

  • Reference case 2: SINTEF 2025 power-law fit of electrode boiler investment and 2 % maintenance.

    Market range Not applicable (selector).

    2
    Selector code

  • Steam service 1: saturated steam at 2 bar abs (about 1 barg).

    Market range Not applicable (selector).

    1
    Selector code

  • Steam service 2: saturated steam at 11 bar abs (about 10 barg).

    Market range Not applicable (selector).

    2
    Selector code

  • Steam service 3: saturated steam at 30 bar abs (about 29 barg).

    Market range Not applicable (selector).

    3
    Selector code

  • Heat delivered per unit of electricity drawn by the boiler itself (electrode or resistance), nameplate and annual average alike: an electric boiler has no part-load efficiency drop.

    Market range 98 % (IEA 2025) to 99 % (DEA).

    99%
    DEA data sheet 41

  • Pumps, feedwater, controls and cooling of the electrical equipment, as a share of heat generated. Counted in the electricity drawn, so it is paid at the electricity price.

    Market range No independent range cited.

    0.5%
    DEA data sheet 41

  • Unplanned unavailability; caps the full-load hours.

    Market range No independent range cited.

    1%
    DEA data sheet 41

  • Planned maintenance stop; caps the full-load hours.

    Market range No independent range cited.

    0.2weeks/year
    DEA data sheet 41

  • Enthalpy of the steam leaving the boiler for the low-pressure service.

    2,706.2kJ/kg
    NIST saturation table

  • Feedwater must stay below the saturation temperature, otherwise it would flash before the boiler.

    Market range Exact property.

    120.21C
    NIST saturation table

  • Default service, about 10 barg, typical of process steam networks (Infraserv Hoechst units run at 16 barg).

    2,780.8kJ/kg
    NIST saturation table

  • Upper limit of the feedwater temperature for the 11 bar service.

    Market range Exact property.

    184.21C
    NIST saturation table

  • High-pressure service: saturated steam at its enthalpy maximum, the most heat per kg the boiler can put in saturated steam. Above 30 bar the enthalpy falls slightly (2772 kJ/kg near 70 bar), so this service gives the lowest steam yield of the range.

    2,803.2kJ/kg
    NIST saturation table

  • Upper limit of the feedwater temperature for the 30 bar service.

    Market range Exact property.

    233.86C
    NIST saturation table

  • Anchor of the feedwater enthalpy at 105 C, a deaerated make-up water temperature.

    Market range Exact property.

    441kJ/kg
    NIST isobar

  • Temperature at which the feedwater enthalpy anchor is read.

    Market range Exact.

    105C
    NIST isobar

  • Shifts the feedwater enthalpy away from the 105 C anchor. A linear approximation, hence medium.

    4.19kJ/kg/K
    Derived from NIST

  • DEA total for the 1-10 MW class, read as installed (equipment + installation + grid connection fees). Used for the DEA size-class comparison and as a benchmark.

    Market range SINTEF fit at 5 MW: about 94 000 EUR/MW.

    154570EUR/MW
    DEA data sheet 41 small

  • Equipment share of the small class (56.5 %), used to split the CAPEX up to 10 MW.

    Market range No independent range cited.

    87366EUR/MW
    DEA data sheet 41 small

  • Installation and grid connection share of the small class (43.5 %).

    Market range No independent range cited.

    67204EUR/MW
    DEA data sheet 41 small

  • Cost anchor of reference case 1 at its 20 MW reference size: installed electrode boiler with switchgear, installation and grid connection fees. DEA quotes it for about 500 full-load hours a year.

    Market range 62 700 (SINTEF fit) to 70 000 EUR/MW at 20 MW.

    70000EUR/MW
    DEA data sheet 41 large

  • Equipment share of the large class (57.1 %), used to split the CAPEX above 10 MW.

    Market range No independent range cited.

    40000EUR/MW
    DEA data sheet 41 large

  • Installation and grid connection share of the large class (42.9 %).

    Market range No independent range cited.

    30000EUR/MW
    DEA data sheet 41 large

  • Selects which DEA class gives the equipment share, the variable O&M and the size-class comparison.

    Market range Exact.

    10MW
    DEA data sheet 41

  • Reference size of the scale law: the size of the DEA large-class cost anchor.

    Market range Exact.

    20MW
    DEA data sheet 41 large

  • Below 1 MW no source costs a boiler: the CAPEX is an extrapolation of the scale law and the size is flagged.

    Market range Exact.

    1MW
    DEA data sheet 41 small

  • Above 40 MW the DEA cost range ends: the CAPEX is an extrapolation and the size is flagged.

    Market range Exact.

    40MW
    DEA data sheet 41 large

  • Number of units needed for the rated power.

    Market range 60 (DEA) to 75 MW (Parat IEH) per unit.

    60MW
    DEA catalogue ch. 41

  • Published exponent with its reference size, applied to the installation rated power. A fit on five literature points, money year not stated, hence medium. Below 1 MW and above 50 MW it is an extrapolation, flagged on the page.

    Market range 0.43 (DEA class pair, different scopes) to 0.704 (SINTEF fit).

    0.704
    SINTEF 2025 Table 4

  • Cost anchor of reference case 2. Money year not stated in the paper, hence medium.

    Market range No independent range cited.

    152EUR/kW
    SINTEF 2025 Table 4

  • Used to carry the SINTEF coefficient from 1 MW to the 20 MW reference size and to draw the SINTEF curve at any size.

    Market range No independent range cited.

    -0.296
    SINTEF 2025 Table 4

  • Reference size of the SINTEF power law.

    Market range Exact.

    1MW
    SINTEF 2025 Table 4

  • Fixed O&M of reference case 2.

    Market range 1 137.8 (DEA) to about 1 250 EUR/MW/year (SINTEF at 20 MW).

    2%
    SINTEF 2025

  • Fixed O&M of reference case 1, per MW of heat capacity.

    Market range 1 137.8 (DEA) to about 1 250 EUR/MW/year (SINTEF).

    1,137.8EUR/MW/year
    DEA data sheet 41

  • Variable O&M of reference case 1 up to 10 MW, per MWh of heat.

    0.81EUR/MWh
    DEA data sheet 41 small

  • Variable O&M of reference case 1 above 10 MW.

    0.7EUR/MWh
    DEA data sheet 41 large

  • Floor of the clamp on the scaled specific CAPEX. A guard only, not a cost.

    Market range Not applicable (guard).

    20000EUR/MW
    Numerical guard

  • Ceiling of the clamp on the scaled specific CAPEX. A guard only, not a cost.

    Market range Not applicable (guard).

    1000000EUR/MW
    Numerical guard

  • Low-price sensitivity: a very large French consumer.

    61.4EUR/MWh
    Eurostat nrg_pc_205

  • High-price sensitivity: a small consumer, the band a sub-MW boiler site pays.

    183.7EUR/MWh
    Eurostat nrg_pc_205

  • Sensitivity at the IEA German electricity cost.

    161EUR/MWh
    IEA 2025

  • Flexible-mode sensitivity: the LCOH at DEA's 500 h.

    Market range 500 h (DEA) to about 1 750 h (IEA hybrid).

    500h/year
    DEA catalogue ch. 41

  • Converts the Eurostat gas price, quoted on GCV (PCS), to the NCV (PCI) basis of the boiler efficiency and of the emission factor.

    Market range About 0.90 (IPCC).

    0.9ratio
    IPCC 2006 Vol. 2 Ch. 1

  • Direct CO2 of the gas boiler benchmark and of the avoided emissions.

    Market range IPCC 95 % interval 54 300-58 300 kg/TJ.

    56100kg/TJ
    IPCC 2006 Vol. 2 Ch. 2

  • Efficiency of the gas boiler benchmark (NCV basis).

    Market range 87 % (IEA, industrial) to 93 % (DEA, district heating).

    87%
    IEA 2025

  • Sensitivity of the gas benchmark at the DEA district-heating efficiency.

    93%
    DEA data sheet 44

  • Sensitivity of the gas benchmark at the IEA CO2 price.

    80EUR/t
    IEA 2025

  • Not used in the formulas: published as the convergence check of the DEA efficiency.

    98%
    IEA 2025

  • Not added: the auxiliary electricity is already in the electricity drawn and paid at the user's price. Adding this line would count it twice.

    Market range Not applicable.

    0.14EUR/MWh
    DEA data sheet 41

  • Default of the economic lifetime and the service life exported to project mode.

    Market range 15 (SINTEF) to 25 years (DEA 2030).

    20years
    DEA data sheet 41

  • Default electricity price: a 20 MW boiler at 8,000 h draws about 162 GWh/year, at the IF/IG boundary.

    121.7EUR/MWh
    Eurostat nrg_pc_205

  • Default gas price of the benchmark.

    48.3EUR/MWh
    Eurostat nrg_pc_203

  • Default CO2 price of the benchmark.

    73.43EUR/t
    Instrat 2026

  • Default real discount rate.

    Market range No independent range cited.

    0.05ratio
    SINTEF 2025

  • Screening model of one boiler installation: heat = rated power x full-load hours; electricity = heat / 99 % + 0.5 % auxiliaries; saturated steam from feedwater by an enthalpy balance; installed CAPEX scaled with SINTEF's 0.704 exponent from a 20 MW anchor; real annuity, constant prices. No part-load efficiency drop (an electric boiler has none at the scale of this model), no thermal storage, no hourly price profile.

    Market range Not applicable.

    —
    Model scope

  • The CAPEX is installed, not ex-works and not all-in financed: it is exported to project mode with battery_limit = installed, so the project adds only its working layer and contingency. A dedicated HV/HTB substation or upstream grid reinforcement is in no source used here (IEA excludes it explicitly) and is not included; add it through the Customized CAPEX if your site needs one.

    Market range Not applicable.

    —
    CAPEX boundary

  • With the default finance (5 %, 20 years) the LCOH spans about 61-267 EUR/MWh_th over the whole slider box (sizes 0.05-75 MW, 500-8,639 h, 60-184 EUR/MWh, both cases, customized CAPEX up to 400,000 EUR/MW); it passes 260 only for sub-MW boilers in 500-h flexible duty at the highest electricity price. Over every finance corner (0-10 %, 15-30 years) the span is about 61-308 EUR/MWh_th, the top being a 50 kW boiler run 500 h a year at 10 % over 15 years: these corners lie outside the 60-260 EUR/MWh_th bounds, which hold for every chart and test point: a boiler that small bought for a few hundred hours is a corner case, not a design. Below 1 MW and above 40 MW the CAPEX is extrapolated (flag output). Electricity prices below 60 EUR/MWh (spot hours) are outside the range: no delivered flexible-mode price was sourced.

    Market range Not applicable.

    —
    Validity domain

  • The gas benchmark counts gas and CO2 only, not the gas boiler's own CAPEX and O&M. It is the floor of the gas option: an existing gas boiler competes on this number, a new one adds its capital.

    Market range Not applicable.

    —
    Benchmark scope

  • All costs in constant 2025 EUR, discounted at a real rate, with constant prices over the life. Nothing is escalated.

    Market range Not applicable.

    —
    Real terms convention